Shape Memory Alloys: Revolutionizing Modern Engineering with Intelligent Materials

June 20, 2025 — Pune, India, In a world increasingly driven by smart technology and adaptive systems, Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are emerging as one of the most fascinating and transformative materials in modern science. These intelligent metals have the remarkable ability to “remember” their original shape and return to it after deformation when exposed to a specific stimulus, typically heat. Once confined to niche aerospace and biomedical applications, SMAs are now expanding into fields like robotics, automotive design, and even consumer electronics.

What Are Shape Memory Alloys?

Shape Memory Alloys are metallic materials that demonstrate two distinct properties: shape memory effect and superelasticity. The most widely used SMA is a nickel-titanium alloy known as Nitinol. These alloys undergo a solid-state phase transformation between two crystal structures — martensite and austenite — which enables their unique behavior. When cooled, the alloy can be deformed; when reheated, it returns to its original shape with impressive force and precision.

Key Applications and Advancements

1. Healthcare and Medical Devices

One of the earliest adopters of SMA technology has been the biomedical industry. SMAs are widely used in stents, guidewires, orthodontic wires, and bone implants due to their biocompatibility and ability to adjust dynamically to body temperature. Their minimally invasive nature has led to shorter recovery times and improved patient outcomes.

2. Aerospace and Defense

In aerospace, the weight-saving capabilities and actuation properties of SMAs are invaluable. NASA and other space agencies have experimented with SMA-based actuators for deployable structures, such as satellite antennas and solar arrays, which can unfold without motors or complex mechanical systems.

3. Automotive Innovations

Car manufacturers are integrating SMAs in areas like adaptive seating, climate control systems, and even in self-healing crash structures. These materials provide lighter, more efficient alternatives to traditional hydraulic or motorized systems, aligning with the push for sustainable transportation solutions.

4. Robotics and Wearable Tech

Soft robotics is a rapidly growing field where SMAs are used for creating muscle-like actuators. These allow for fluid, lifelike movement and can be applied in prosthetics, exoskeletons, and responsive clothing. Their quiet, compact nature makes them ideal for wearable devices.

A deformed SMA wire returning to its original shape when heated – the classic shape memory effect in action.

Market Outlook and Research Trends

According to industry analysts, the global Shape Memory Alloy market is poised to grow significantly, driven by rising demand across sectors such as healthcare, aerospace, automotive, and consumer electronics. Current research is focused on expanding the temperature range of SMAs, enhancing fatigue resistance, and developing multi-functional hybrid materials.

Innovations in 3D printing with SMA filaments, and nano-scale shape memory behaviors, are also paving the way for the next generation of adaptive materials. As sustainability becomes a central theme in material science, the recyclability and energy-efficiency of SMAs position them as a future-proof solution.

Challenges and Future Directions

Despite their advantages, SMAs are not without limitations. High material cost, limited fatigue life, and slow actuation speeds in certain conditions have historically limited broader adoption. However, ongoing R&D is addressing these challenges, aiming to make SMAs more durable, affordable, and responsive.

Looking forward, interdisciplinary collaboration between materials science, mechanical engineering, and computer science will be crucial in unlocking the full potential of SMAs. Whether in a robotic arm that mimics human motion or an airplane wing that morphs mid-flight, Shape Memory Alloys are reshaping the boundaries of what materials can do.

Key Reasons to Acquire the Biocompatible 3D Printing Materials Market Research Report:
  • This report offers a comprehensive analysis of the Biocompatible 3D Printing Materials market from 2017 to 2034, including market segments, current trends, estimations, and dynamics
  • It also provides information on key drivers, restraints, and opportunities
  • Porter’s five forces analysis is used to assess the potency of buyers and suppliers, helping stakeholders make profit-oriented business decisions and strengthen their supplier-buyer network
  • The report includes an in-depth analysis of the Biocompatible 3D Printing Materials market segmentation to identify prevailing market opportunities
  • Major countries in each region are mapped according to their revenue contribution to the global market
  • Market player positioning is also analyzed to facilitate benchmarking and provide a clear understanding of the present position of the market players
  • The report includes an analysis of the regional and global Biocompatible 3D Printing Materials market trends, key players, market segments, application areas, and market growth strategies

Statistics for the 2024 Shape Memory Alloys market share, size, and revenue growth rate were created by Quintile Report™. Shape Memory Alloys analysis includes a market forecast outlook for 2034 and a historical overview. Get a free PDF sample of this market analysis, please get in touch with our principal analyst at sales@quintilereports.com, Web: https://www.researcheditorial.com/

Endurance Sports Nutrition Market to Reach New Heights by 2034 Amid Growing Demand from Athletes and Fitness Enthusiasts

Pune, India – June 11, 2025 – The global Endurance Sports Nutrition Market is poised for substantial growth over the forecast period of 2025 to 2034, according to a new industry report published by Quintile Reports. Driven by the rising popularity of endurance sports such as marathons, triathlons, cycling, and ultra-running, the market is projected to register a strong compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.25%, reaching a value of 114.62 billion by 2034.

Increasing consumer focus on fitness, energy management, and post-workout recovery is significantly driving the demand for scientifically formulated sports nutrition products. A surge in health awareness, particularly post-pandemic, is also fueling the consumption of clean-label, plant-based, and customized endurance nutrition solutions.

The Endurance Sports Nutrition market is rapidly evolving, driven by a growing base of professional and amateur athletes engaging in long-duration physical activities such as marathons, triathlons, cycling races, and ultra-endurance events. These sports require strategic nutritional support to optimize stamina, delay fatigue, maintain hydration, and support post-activity recovery. As a result, there has been a notable surge in the demand for energy gels, electrolyte beverages, protein powders, BCAAs (Branched Chain Amino Acids), and recovery bars. These products are specifically engineered to provide sustained energy release, improve muscular endurance, and reduce oxidative stresskey factors for enhanced performance during prolonged exertion.

A major growth driver for the market is the increasing awareness of physical fitness and its correlation with long-term health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 28% of adults aged 18 and over were not active enough globally in 2022, falling short of the recommended 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week. As governments and health organizations ramp up campaigns promoting physical activity, participation in endurance sports is steadily rising. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic acted as a catalyst for health consciousness, with a large segment of the population turning to outdoor sports and fitness routines, thereby increasing consumption of performance-oriented nutrition products.

Athletes fueling performance with science-backed endurance nutrition — driving a global market surge through 2034

“The intersection of innovation, personalization, and growing sports culture is reshaping the endurance nutrition landscape,” said a lead analyst at Quintile Insights. “Brands focusing on science-backed, sustainable, and user-specific products will lead the charge into the next decade.”

Quintile Reports

Key Market Segments:

  • By Product Type: Protein Powders, Energy Gels, Electrolyte Drinks, Nutrition Bars, Creatine & BCAA
  • By Formulation: Powder, Liquid, Tablets/Capsules, Gummies
  • By Packaging: Sachets, Bottles, Jars/Tubs, Blister Packs
  • By Raw Material: Plant-Based, Animal-Based, Synthetic
  • By Application: Running, Cycling, Swimming, Triathlon, Adventure Racing
  • By End-User: Professional Athletes, Recreational Users, Military Personnel
  • By Sales Channel: Online Retail, Specialty Stores, Supermarkets/Hypermarkets, Fitness Centers
  • By Region: North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa

Regional Insights:

North America currently dominates the global market due to mature distribution networks and high consumer spending on sports nutrition. Meanwhile, the Asia-Pacific region is witnessing rapid expansion, supported by a growing middle class, increased participation in endurance sports, and rising health awareness in countries like China, India, and Australia.

Competitive Landscape:

Prominent players operating in the endurance sports nutrition market include:

  • Glanbia plc
  • Clif Bar & Company
  • Science in Sport (SiS)
  • GU Energy Labs
  • The Coca-Cola Company (BodyArmor, Powerade)
  • Herbalife Nutrition
  • Nestlé Health Science
  • Tailwind Nutrition

These companies are investing heavily in R&D, clean ingredient sourcing, sustainable packaging, and direct-to-consumer (DTC) platforms to strengthen market presence and build long-term consumer trust.

Consumers are increasingly seeking clean-label, plant-based, and sustainable nutrition products, influencing market innovation and product development. The report segments the market by product type, formulation, packaging, raw material, application (workout type), end-user, sales channel, and region, offering detailed insights into key trends and investment opportunities.

North America currently leads in market share, while the Asia-Pacific region is emerging rapidly due to growing health awareness and fitness trends. Leading players such as Glanbia, Science in Sport, Herbalife, and GU Energy are heavily investing in R&D and digital retail to meet evolving consumer demands.

Purchase and get a access to the full market report here:
👉 Endurance Sports Nutrition Market Report – Quintile Reports

Future Outlook:

The next decade will witness a shift toward personalized endurance nutrition, gut-health-oriented products, and AI-driven supplement recommendations. Consumer demand for transparency, traceability, and ethical production will continue to influence product innovation and brand loyalty.

For detailed insights, market sizing, and competitive intelligence, access the full report here:
👉 Endurance Sports Nutrition Market Report – Quintile Reports

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Quintile Insights is a global market intelligence provider delivering actionable research across Healthcare, Consumer Goods, Technology, and Industrial sectors. Our reports empower strategic decisions through data-rich insights and forecasting.

Good News for Technologists! TCS Makes a Big Announcement, To Hire Over 1.25 Lakh People Soon

2023 began with a bang for techies, TCS Makes a Big Announcement, To Hire Over 1.25 Lakh People Soon, as Amazon and enterprise software company Salesforce announced layoffs of more than 25,000 employees.

While Amazon announced on Wednesday that it will lay off over 18,000 employees, Salesforce laid off 10% of its employees beginning January 18 due to hiring too many people during the pandemic. In the midst of all of this, the country’s largest software exporter, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), announced that it will hire over 1.25 lakh people in FY24.

“Looking at our overall hiring trends, we are likely to continue (hiring) at the same level. Next year, we expect to hire between 1,25,000 and 1,50,000 people. We continue to have faith in our medium- to long-term outlook “Rajesh Gopinathan, the company’s CEO and Managing Director, told reporters.

Furthermore, he added, “Our posture is positive; we are not removing players from the field; we are fully engaged and present. We are fully committed in terms of talent capacity. We overinvested last year and are reaping the benefits this quarter.”

For the uninitiated, the software company reported a 2,197-person decrease in its employee base from October to December, totaling 6.13 lakh. The Tata group company, on the other hand, made it clear that this was due to increased hiring over the last 18 months, rather than the demand environment.

IN FY23, TCS HIRED OVER 55,000 EMPLOYEES

Despite reporting a net decrease of 2,197 people in the December quarter, the company has already hired over 55,000 people in FY23. In FY22, it added 1.03 lakh people to its total workforce.
 
Milind Lakkad, the company’s chief human resources officer, attributed the decline in the December quarter to attrition being higher than new hires.

    IN FY24, 40,000 FRESHERS WILL BE HIRED

    The HR chief also stated that the company will continue to hire approximately 40,000 new employees in FY24, and that over 5 lakh young people have applied to be hired.
     
    Furthermore, he stated that TCS has hired 42,000 freshers in FY23 thus far, implying that the company hired only about 7,000 employees in the third quarter, compared to 35,000 in the first half. It could hire a few thousand more people in the fourth quarter, or it could remain quiet.

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    Investment banking giant, Goldman Sachs to lay off 3,200 employees

    Goldman Sachs is expected to announce new layoffs this week, affecting approximately 3,200 employees. The process is expected to begin mid-week, and the number of job cuts should not exceed 3,200.

    According to a Bloomberg report, the teams most affected by the layoffs will be core trading and banking units. Goldman CEO David Solomon had previously stated that the partnership was bracing for slower economic growth as central banks raised interest rates.

    “We are conducting a careful review, and while discussions are still ongoing, we anticipate our headcount reduction will occur in the first half of January,” Solomon said, according to The Guardian and news agency IANS.

    Following a record year in 2022, teams working on mergers and acquisitions are particularly vulnerable in the coming year as interest rates rise, increasing the cost of borrowing the cash required to fund new deals. Investment banks had a banner year in 2021, with companies launching a massive wave of mergers and acquisitions following coronavirus pandemic lockdowns.

    Goldman Sachs and other banks expanded to capitalise, but the number of lucrative deals fell back in 2022 as global interest rates rose. “A number of factors are influencing the business landscape, including tightening monetary conditions, which are slowing economic activity,” Solomon said in the message.

    “The focus for our leadership team is on preparing the firm to weather these headwinds.” Goldman is still expected to report significant profits this year and next.

    It should be noted that the final job reduction figure is lower than previous proposals in management ranks, which could have resulted in the elimination of nearly 4,000 jobs. The last major layoff of this magnitude occurred in 2008, following the failure of Lehman Brothers. Goldman had embarked on a plan to cut over 3,000 jobs, or nearly 10% of its workforce at the time, and top executives had elected to forego bonuses.

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    Walmart pays the majority of the tax bill associated with the relocation of PhonePe’s headquarters to India

    US retail giant Walmart has paid the taxes associated with the relocation of PhonePe’s headquarters to India.

    Following the acquisition of parent company Flipkart by Walmart, digital payments company PhonePe relocated its headquarters from Singapore to India.

    According to reports, the bill is the result of the relocation and the increased value of PhonePe. According to some reports, Walmart Inc. and other PhonePe shareholders were hit with nearly USD 1 billion in capital gains tax after the digital payments company relocated its headquarters to India.

    Related video: Walmart receives a $1 billion tax bill for relocating PhonePe’s headquarters to India (WION)

    Walmart faces a $1 billion tax bill as a result of relocating PhonePe’s headquarters to India.

    “We can confirm the tax has been paid,” Walmart said in response to an email from PTI. However, no specifics were provided by the company.

    PhonePe, a FinTech platform, announced in October of last year that it had relocated its headquarters from Singapore to India.

    All PhonePe Group businesses and entities were transferred and consolidated under PhonePe Pvt Ltd – India as part of this.

    Bentonville, based in the United States, completed the acquisition of a 77% stake in Flipkart in 2018, becoming the majority owner of the Indian e-commerce company.

    PhonePe was founded in December 2015 and has grown to become one of India’s largest payment apps, enabling digital inclusion for both consumers and merchants. With 400 million registered users, PhonePe now has one in every four Indians.

    Bentonville, based in the United States, completed the acquisition of a 77% stake in Flipkart in 2018, becoming the majority owner of the Indian e-commerce company. 

    PhonePe was founded in December 2015 and has grown to become one of India’s largest payment app, enabling digital inclusion for both consumers and merchants. With 400 million registered users, PhonePe now has one in every four Indians.

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    Amazon confirms job cuts totaling 18000, with CEO Andy Jassy stating that several teams will be affected

    Amazon has announced the elimination over 18,000 jobs, the majority of which will be in the Amazon Stores and PXT (People, Experience, and Technology, HR) departments.

    In a blog post, the company stated that it is “eliminating roles” as part of its annual planning process for 2023. According to the post, Amazon typically communicates these outcomes internally, but it is doing so in public because the teammates “leaked this information externally.” The layoffs will begin on January 18.

    The company laid off nearly 10,000 employees in November 2022. This year, the e-commerce behemoth has even put a halt to new hire hiring.

    Amazon Cuts Over 18,000 Jobs, Salesforce Cuts 10% Of Workforce | Power Breakfast | CNBC-TV18 (CNBCTV18)

    Amazon Cuts Over 18,000 Jobs, Salesforce To Cut 10% Of Its Workforce

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    A new Covid-19 wave has hit China, with over ten lakh deaths predicted in the coming days

    China on Monday (December 19, 2022) finally reported its first Covid-19-related deaths in weeks amid rising doubts over whether the official count was capturing the full toll of the virus.

    The country of 1.4 billion people reported five new fatalities on December 19, up from two the previous day, bringing the official death toll to 5,242. The new fatalities were the first to be reported by the National Health Commission (NHC) since December 3, days before Beijing announced that it was lifting strict Covid-19 curbs which had largely kept the disease in check for three years but triggered widespread protests last month.

    China also reported 2,722 new symptomatic coronavirus infections on December 19, up from 1,995 the previous day. China reported 2,656 new local cases, up from 1,918 the day before, excluding imported infections. As of Monday, mainland China has confirmed 3,83,175 Covid-19 cases with symptoms. However, Covid-19 cases and deaths are expected to rise in the coming months as the virus continues to ravage cities following Xi Jinping’s government’s relaxation of strict anti-virus controls.

    Last week, China’s chief epidemiologist Wu Zunyou stated that the country was in the midst of the first of three Covid-19 waves that were expected this winter. On Monday, Beijing city official Xu Hejian also stated that the virus was rapidly spreading throughout the capital.

    More restrictions will be lifted, with previously closed underground venues ranging from bars to internet cafes allowed to reopen, according to Beijing city official Xu Hejian.

    While top officials have downplayed the threat posed by the Omicron strain of the virus in recent weeks, officials are still concerned about the elderly, who have been hesitant to get vaccinated.

    Some fear that China’s Covid-19 death toll will exceed 10 lakh in the coming days.

    The lifting of Covid-19 restrictions by China could result in an increase in cases and over 10 lakh deaths.

    Gravitas: China faces three Covid waves in three months (WION)

    Gravitas: China stares at 3 Covid waves in 3 months

    According to new projections from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) in the United States, China’s abrupt lifting of its stringent Covid-19 curbs could result in an increase in cases and over 10 lakh deaths next year.

    According to the group’s projections, coronavirus cases in China will peak around April 1, 2023, with 3,22,000 deaths.

    By then, a third of China’s population will have been infected, according to IHME Director Christopher Murray.

    “Nobody thought they would stick to zero-COVID as long as they did,” he said last week when the IHME projections were released online.

    China’s zero-Covid policy may have been effective in keeping earlier variants of the virus at bay, but the high transmissibility of Omicron variants made it unsustainable, according to Murray.

    Other experts predict that 60% of China’s population will eventually be infected, with a peak in January, with vulnerable populations such as the elderly and those with pre-existing conditions bearing the brunt of the burden.

    China’s main concerns are its large pool of susceptible individuals, the use of less effective vaccines, and low vaccine coverage among those aged 80 and older, who are most at risk of severe disease.

    China has already seen an increase in infections since lifting some of the world’s toughest Covid-19 restrictions this month in response to unprecedented public protests.

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    Twitter has banned several prominent journalists for covering Elon Musk’s Twitter antics

    On Thursday evening, Twitter banned a number of prominent journalists who were covering Elon Musk and his various businesses from the platform. The platform appears to have done so without warning or explanation.

    Normally, before an account is banned, Twitter will send a few notifications or warnings, informing users of the policies they have violated, unless they have broken local laws. However, since Musk took over, Twitter has been banning specific accounts with no prior notice. Welcome to Elon Musk’s interpretation of free speech.

    The journalists were barred after Twitter suspended the Twitter account of Mastodon, the open-source social media alternative that exploded in popularity following Elon Musk’s takeover of Twitter. Twitter took action against Mastodon after the account linked to the Mastodon page of @ElonJet, a student-created bot that tracks Musk’s private jet’s location.

    A few of the suspended journalists and accounts had shared screenshots and articles about Mastodon’s suspension. Drew Harwell, a Washington Post reporter, tweeted about Mastodon being kicked off the platform shortly before his suspension.

    Former MSNBC host Keith Olbermann, The New York Times’ Ryan Mac, CNN’s Donie O’Sullivan, Mashable’s Matt Binder, and journalist Aaron Rupar are among the accounts that have been banned. All of the aforementioned names covered Musk on a regular basis and wrote extensively about Musk and his takeover of Twitter.

    Rupar commented on his Substack suspension, noting that while he did not know why his account was suspended, he did share a link to ElonJet’s Facebook account while reporting on the subject. Mac shared the message he received from Twitter on an alternate account, noting that there was no warning before the permanent suspension.

    Some of the suspended accounts shared the Twitter handles of Mastodon and ElonJet, as well as screenshots of the tweet that appears to have gotten the former account suspended.

    Because Twitter’s human moderation teams have been reduced, automated systems enforcing Twitter’s new rules against accounts like @ElonJet were overzealous in this case. However, it’s just as likely that Musk is directing the moderation process.

    Musk took to Twitter to explain his reasoning for the ban. He stated that the bans were deliberate, and that the same doxxing rules apply to “journalists” as they do to everyone else.

    Musk stated that the suspensions would only be in effect for seven days. He later tweeted a poll asking his Twitter followers to vote on the fate of the banned journalists, who had previously been notified that their accounts had been suspended “permanently.” It should be noted that the journalists who were barred received no such notice.

    Furthermore, it is standard practise at Twitter to notify users about posts and skim them to remove offensive or potentially harmful posts before they are banned. Furthermore, the policy that these accounts violated, which prohibited users from sharing “live location information,” is only 24 hours old, so they couldn’t have been notified and given enough time to act on it.

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    Henry Cavill confirms he is no longer Superman: ‘This isn’t the best news, but that’s life…’

    Hollywood star Henry Cavill has announced that he will not reprise his role as Superman. This was confirmed by the man himself after James Gunn and Peter Safran revealed that their upcoming DCEU slate includes a young Superman film that will follow the character in his early days as a cub reporter.

    Henry took to Instagram to share the following message: “I just met with James Gunn and Peter Safran, and I have some bad news for you. After all, I won’t be returning as Superman. After being told by the studio to announce my return in October, prior to their hiring, this isn’t the easiest news to deliver, but that’s life. The changing of the guard is a common occurrence. That is something I respect. James and Peter are creating a universe. I wish them and everyone else involved with the new universe the best of luck and fortune.”

    Dwayne Johnson reveals that Warner Bros. did not want Henry Cavill to return as Superman (Dailymotion)

    “For those who have stood by my side over the years, we can mourn for a moment, but then we must remember…Superman is still alive and well. Everything he stands for is still there, as are the examples he sets for us! My turn to don the cape has come a

    nd gone, but what Superman stands for will never change. Onwards and upwards, it’s been a pleasure riding with you all “he concluded.

    Onwards and upwards, it’s been a pleasure riding with you all “he concluded.

    Cavill announced his return as the cape-wearing, flying superhuman back in October, much to the delight of his fans.

    Henry Cavill has played Superman in a number of DC films, including Man of Steel and Batman vs. Superman.

    It had previously been reported that Cavill’s future as Superman was not as secure as it appeared when he announced his return. Certainly, Cavill confirms that there were plans for a Man of Steel sequel at the time of the announcement that he would return. However, once Gunn and Safran were hired, those plans changed.

    This appears to confirm other reports that the entire Snyderverse may be scrapped, as Wonder Woman 3 appears to be on hold. Patty Jenkins, the director, confirmed this on her Twitter account.

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    “After all, I won’t be returning as Superman. After being told by the studio to announce my return in October, prior to their hiring, this isn’t the easiest news to deliver, but that’s life “The actor penned.

    In late October, Warner Bros. hired Guardians of the Galaxy director James Gunn and veteran executive Peter Safran as co-chairmen and CEOs of the newly formed DC Studios. Since then, there have been reports that the entire Zack Snyder-created DC Universe, including Wonder Woman, could be scrapped.

    WTO ruled that Trump’s metal tariffs violated global rules

    The World Trade Organization ruled on Friday that US tariffs on steel and aluminium imports imposed by then-President Donald Trump violated global trade rules, in a decision that was immediately criticised by Washington.

    The three-person adjudicating panel said the US measures were inconsistent with WTO rules and recommended that the US bring them into compliance in one of the most high-profile and potentially explosive cases to come before the WTO.

    The US said it strongly disagreed with the panel’s “flawed” interpretation and conclusions.

    It could challenge the ruling, but that would leave it in a legal limbo because Washington has blocked appointments to the WTO Appellate Body, rendering it unable to render a decision.

    China expressed hope that the US would follow the panel’s decision and “correct its wrongful conduct as soon as possible.”

    The US Trade Representative’s office stated in a statement that the US would not “stand idly by” as Chinese overcapacity threatened its steel and aluminium sectors, as well as its national security.

    The US steel industry also blasted the WTO panel, with the Steel Manufacturers Association stating that it supported the government’s refusal to accept its findings.

    “As a result of these disputes, we do not intend to remove Section 232 duties,” it said, adding that the panel report reinforced the need for WTO reform.

    The US steel industry also blasted the WTO panel, with the Steel Manufacturers Association stating that it supported the government’s refusal to accept its findings.

    In 2018, Trump imposed 25% tariffs on steel imports and 10% tariffs on aluminium imports, citing Section 232 of the 1962 Tariff Act, which allows the president to restrict imports if they threaten national security. Later, free trade partners Canada and Mexico were exempted.

    The tariffs prompted several WTO members, including China, to challenge the measure, and a three-member WTO panel issued its findings in cases brought by China, Norway, Switzerland, and Turkey on Friday. Indian and Russian cases are still pending.

    Last year, Washington agreed to remove tariffs on EU imports, prompting Brussels to halt the EU case.

    Otherwise, President Joe Biden’s administration has maintained the metals tariffs that were a centrepiece of Trump’s America First strategy.

    The case hinged on the WTO’s exemption from global trade rules in cases of national security.

    The central US argument was that national security should be judged by countries themselves, not by three WTO adjudicators sitting in Geneva.

    Complainant Switzerland stated that the ruling did not call into question WTO members’ right to take broad discretionary security measures, but they did have to meet certain minimum requirements that could be scrutinised at the WTO.

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    The central US argument was that national security is a matter for countries to decide, not three WTO adjudicators sitting in Geneva.

    Complainant Switzerland stated that the decision did not call into question WTO members’ right to take broad discretionary security measures, but they did have to meet certain minimum requirements that could be scrutinised at the WTO.

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